Plagiarism Policy

This journal maintains a zero-tolerance policy toward plagiarism and all forms of academic misconduct. Authors are responsible for ensuring that all submitted manuscripts are original works that have not been published previously and are not simultaneously under consideration by another publication.

All submissions are screened for textual similarity before entering the peer review process. Similarity reports are used to support editorial assessment and are interpreted in context rather than by similarity percentages alone.

The journal considers the following to constitute plagiarism:

• Copying text without appropriate citation.
• Improper paraphrasing of another author's work.
• Using another person's ideas, data, figures, tables, or images without proper acknowledgement.
• Self-plagiarism or duplicate publication.
• Submitting another person's work as one's own.

Editorial Action

If plagiarism or other forms of publication misconduct are identified before publication, the journal may reject the manuscript or request appropriate revisions. If misconduct is identified after publication, the journal may issue a correction, expression of concern, or retraction, depending on the severity of the case.

Authors are expected to cite all sources accurately and obtain any necessary permissions for the use of copyrighted materials.