Rural women empowerment is a central objective of social inclusion initiatives across the Global South, yet outcomes remain uneven and conceptually contested. Participation in collective platforms such as self-help groups and cooperatives is frequently equated with empowerment, obscuring the relational processes through which inclusion is produced, mediated, and constrained. This study addresses this gap by applying Social Network Theory, focusing specifically on the tenet of social ties, to examine how relational configurations shape social inclusion outcomes in rural women empowerment initiatives. Using a theory-driven qualitative relational synthesis, the study analyses fifteen peer-reviewed empirical studies from rural contexts in Asia and Africa. Treating case studies as sources of relational evidence, the analysis traces how bonding ties, bridging ties, and their interaction with local power relations function as mechanisms influencing access, participation, and agency. The findings show that empowerment is not a direct outcome of participation but a contingent process filtered through the balance and governance of social ties. The study advances a relational explanation for persistent heterogeneity in empowerment outcomes and calls for approaches that move beyond participation metrics.
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